![]() They identified several key factors leading to a tendency to overlook potential toxic effects. provided a scathing indictment of the European regulatory process regarding glyphosate's toxicity, focusing on potential teratogenic effects. It may seem implausible that glyphosate could be toxic to humans, given the fact that government regulators appear nonchalant about steadily increasing residue limits, and that the levels in food and water are rarely monitored by government agencies, presumably due to lack of concern. Glyphosate's perceived nontoxicity is predicated on the assumption that our cells do not possess the shikimate pathway, the biological pathway in plants, which is disrupted by glyphosate, and whose disruption is believed to be the most important factor in its toxicity. Its usage has increased steadily since then, in step with the rise in autism rates. In 1987, glyphosate was the 17 th most commonly used herbicide in the United States, but, in large part due to the introduction of glyphosate-resistant core crops, it became the number one herbicide by 2001. Unfortunately, weeds among GM Roundup ®-Ready crops are developing ever-increasing resistance to Roundup ®, which requires an increased rate of herbicide application. ![]() The adoption of genetically engineered “Roundup ®-Ready” corn, soy, canola, cotton, alfalfa, and sugar beets has made it relatively easy to control weeds without killing the crop plant, but this means that glyphosate will be present as a residue in derived foods. Glyphosate enjoys widespread usage on core food crops, in large part because of its perceived nontoxicity to humans. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup®, the most widely used herbicide on the planet. We further reason that, under conditions of adequate Mn in the diet, glyphosate, through its disruption of bile acid homeostasis, ironically promotes toxic accumulation of Mn in the brainstem, leading to conditions such as PD and prion diseases. Sperm motility depends on Mn, and this may partially explain increased rates of infertility and birth defects. Reduced gut Lactobacillus leads to overgrowth of the pathogen, Salmonella, which is resistant to glyphosate toxicity, and Mn plays a role here as well. Lactobacillus probiotics can treat anxiety, which is a comorbidity of autism and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lactobacillus, depleted in autism, depend critically on Mn for antioxidant protection. ![]() Chondroitin sulfate synthesis depends on Mn, and its deficiency leads to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Mn superoxide dismutase protects mitochondria from oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of autism and Alzheimer’s. Glutamate overexpression in the brain in association with autism, AD, and other neurological diseases can be explained by Mn deficiency. Here, we investigate the impact of Mn on physiology, and its association with gut dysbiosis as well as neuropathologies such as autism, Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, anxiety syndrome, Parkinson's disease (PD), and prion diseases. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup ®, has also been shown to severely deplete Mn levels in plants. A recent study on cows fed genetically modified Roundup ®-Ready feed revealed a severe depletion of serum Mn. Manganese (Mn) is an often overlooked but important nutrient, required in small amounts for multiple essential functions in the body.
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